giteveryday(7) — Linux manual page

NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPER (STANDALONE) | INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPER (PARTICIPANT) | INTEGRATOR | REPOSITORY ADMINISTRATION | GIT | NOTES | COLOPHON

GITEVERYDAY(7)                 Git Manual                 GITEVERYDAY(7)

NAME         top

       giteveryday - A useful minimum set of commands for Everyday Git

SYNOPSIS         top

       Everyday Git With 20 Commands Or So

DESCRIPTION         top

       Git users can broadly be grouped into four categories for the
       purposes of describing here a small set of useful commands for
       everyday Git.

       •   Individual Developer (Standalone) commands are essential for
           anybody who makes a commit, even for somebody who works
           alone.

       •   If you work with other people, you will need commands listed
           in the Individual Developer (Participant) section as well.

       •   People who play the Integrator role need to learn some more
           commands in addition to the above.

       •   Repository Administration commands are for system
           administrators who are responsible for the care and feeding
           of Git repositories.

INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPER (STANDALONE)         top

       A standalone individual developer does not exchange patches with
       other people, and works alone in a single repository, using the
       following commands.

       •   git-init(1) to create a new repository.

       •   git-log(1) to see what happened.

       •   git-switch(1) and git-branch(1) to switch branches.

       •   git-add(1) to manage the index file.

       •   git-diff(1) and git-status(1) to see what you are in the
           middle of doing.

       •   git-commit(1) to advance the current branch.

       •   git-restore(1) to undo changes.

       •   git-merge(1) to merge between local branches.

       •   git-rebase(1) to maintain topic branches.

       •   git-tag(1) to mark a known point.

   Examples
       Use a tarball as a starting point for a new repository.

               $ tar zxf frotz.tar.gz
               $ cd frotz
               $ git init
               $ git add . (1)
               $ git commit -m "import of frotz source tree."
               $ git tag v2.43 (2)

            1. add everything under the current directory.
            2. make a lightweight, unannotated tag.

       Create a topic branch and develop.

               $ git switch -c alsa-audio (1)
               $ edit/compile/test
               $ git restore curses/ux_audio_oss.c (2)
               $ git add curses/ux_audio_alsa.c (3)
               $ edit/compile/test
               $ git diff HEAD (4)
               $ git commit -a -s (5)
               $ edit/compile/test
               $ git diff HEAD^ (6)
               $ git commit -a --amend (7)
               $ git switch master (8)
               $ git merge alsa-audio (9)
               $ git log --since='3 days ago' (10)
               $ git log v2.43.. curses/ (11)

            1. create a new topic branch.
            2. revert your botched changes in curses/ux_audio_oss.c.
            3. you need to tell Git if you added a new file; removal
               and modification will be caught if you do git commit
               -a later.
            4. to see what changes you are committing.
            5. commit everything, as you have tested, with your
               sign-off.
            6. look at all your changes including the previous
               commit.
            7. amend the previous commit, adding all your new
               changes, using your original message.
            8. switch to the master branch.
            9. merge a topic branch into your master branch.
           10. review commit logs; other forms to limit output can be
               combined and include -10 (to show up to 10 commits),
               --until=2005-12-10, etc.
           11. view only the changes that touch what’s in curses/
               directory, since v2.43 tag.

INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPER (PARTICIPANT)         top

       A developer working as a participant in a group project needs to
       learn how to communicate with others, and uses these commands in
       addition to the ones needed by a standalone developer.

       •   git-clone(1) from the upstream to prime your local
           repository.

       •   git-pull(1) and git-fetch(1) from "origin" to keep up-to-date
           with the upstream.

       •   git-push(1) to shared repository, if you adopt CVS style
           shared repository workflow.

       •   git-format-patch(1) to prepare e-mail submission, if you
           adopt Linux kernel-style public forum workflow.

       •   git-send-email(1) to send your e-mail submission without
           corruption by your MUA.

       •   git-request-pull(1) to create a summary of changes for your
           upstream to pull.

   Examples
       Clone the upstream and work on it. Feed changes to upstream.

               $ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/.../torvalds/linux-2.6 my2.6
               $ cd my2.6
               $ git switch -c mine master (1)
               $ edit/compile/test; git commit -a -s (2)
               $ git format-patch master (3)
               $ git send-email --to="person <[email protected]>" 00*.patch (4)
               $ git switch master (5)
               $ git pull (6)
               $ git log -p ORIG_HEAD.. arch/i386 include/asm-i386 (7)
               $ git ls-remote --heads http://git.kernel.org/.../jgarzik/libata-dev.git (8)
               $ git pull git://git.kernel.org/pub/.../jgarzik/libata-dev.git ALL (9)
               $ git reset --hard ORIG_HEAD (10)
               $ git gc (11)

            1. checkout a new branch mine from master.
            2. repeat as needed.
            3. extract patches from your branch, relative to master,
            4. and email them.
            5. return to master, ready to see what’s new
            6. git pull fetches from origin by default and merges
               into the current branch.
            7. immediately after pulling, look at the changes done
               upstream since last time we checked, only in the area
               we are interested in.
            8. check the branch names in an external repository (if
               not known).
            9. fetch from a specific branch ALL from a specific
               repository and merge it.
           10. revert the pull.
           11. garbage collect leftover objects from reverted pull.

       Push into another repository.

               satellite$ git clone mothership:frotz frotz (1)
               satellite$ cd frotz
               satellite$ git config --get-regexp '^(remote|branch)\.' (2)
               remote.origin.url mothership:frotz
               remote.origin.fetch refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
               branch.master.remote origin
               branch.master.merge refs/heads/master
               satellite$ git config remote.origin.push \
                          +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/satellite/* (3)
               satellite$ edit/compile/test/commit
               satellite$ git push origin (4)

               mothership$ cd frotz
               mothership$ git switch master
               mothership$ git merge satellite/master (5)

            1. mothership machine has a frotz repository under your
               home directory; clone from it to start a repository on
               the satellite machine.
            2. clone sets these configuration variables by default.
               It arranges git pull to fetch and store the branches
               of mothership machine to local remotes/origin/*
               remote-tracking branches.
            3. arrange git push to push all local branches to their
               corresponding branch of the mothership machine.
            4. push will stash all our work away on
               remotes/satellite/* remote-tracking branches on the
               mothership machine. You could use this as a back-up
               method. Likewise, you can pretend that mothership
               "fetched" from you (useful when access is one sided).
            5. on mothership machine, merge the work done on the
               satellite machine into the master branch.

       Branch off of a specific tag.

               $ git switch -c private2.6.14 v2.6.14 (1)
               $ edit/compile/test; git commit -a
               $ git checkout master
               $ git cherry-pick v2.6.14..private2.6.14 (2)

            1. create a private branch based on a well known (but
               somewhat behind) tag.
            2. forward port all changes in private2.6.14 branch to
               master branch without a formal "merging". Or longhand

               git format-patch -k -m --stdout v2.6.14..private2.6.14
               | git am -3 -k

       An alternate participant submission mechanism is using the git
       request-pull or pull-request mechanisms (e.g. as used on GitHub
       (www.github.com) to notify your upstream of your contribution.

INTEGRATOR         top

       A fairly central person acting as the integrator in a group
       project receives changes made by others, reviews and integrates
       them and publishes the result for others to use, using these
       commands in addition to the ones needed by participants.

       This section can also be used by those who respond to git
       request-pull or pull-request on GitHub (www.github.com) to
       integrate the work of others into their history. A sub-area
       lieutenant for a repository will act both as a participant and as
       an integrator.

       •   git-am(1) to apply patches e-mailed in from your
           contributors.

       •   git-pull(1) to merge from your trusted lieutenants.

       •   git-format-patch(1) to prepare and send suggested alternative
           to contributors.

       •   git-revert(1) to undo botched commits.

       •   git-push(1) to publish the bleeding edge.

   Examples
       A typical integrator’s Git day.

               $ git status (1)
               $ git branch --no-merged master (2)
               $ mailx (3)
               & s 2 3 4 5 ./+to-apply
               & s 7 8 ./+hold-linus
               & q
               $ git switch -c topic/one master
               $ git am -3 -i -s ./+to-apply (4)
               $ compile/test
               $ git switch -c hold/linus && git am -3 -i -s ./+hold-linus (5)
               $ git switch topic/one && git rebase master (6)
               $ git switch -C seen next (7)
               $ git merge topic/one topic/two && git merge hold/linus (8)
               $ git switch maint
               $ git cherry-pick master~4 (9)
               $ compile/test
               $ git tag -s -m "GIT 0.99.9x" v0.99.9x (10)
               $ git fetch ko && for branch in master maint next seen (11)
                   do
                       git show-branch ko/$branch $branch (12)
                   done
               $ git push --follow-tags ko (13)

            1. see what you were in the middle of doing, if anything.
            2. see which branches haven’t been merged into master
               yet. Likewise for any other integration branches e.g.
               maint, next and seen.
            3. read mails, save ones that are applicable, and save
               others that are not quite ready (other mail readers
               are available).
            4. apply them, interactively, with your sign-offs.
            5. create topic branch as needed and apply, again with
               sign-offs.
            6. rebase internal topic branch that has not been merged
               to the master or exposed as a part of a stable branch.
            7. restart seen every time from the next.
            8. and bundle topic branches still cooking.
            9. backport a critical fix.
           10. create a signed tag.
           11. make sure master was not accidentally rewound beyond
               that already pushed out.
           12. In the output from git show-branch, master should have
               everything ko/master has, and next should have
               everything ko/next has, etc.
           13. push out the bleeding edge, together with new tags
               that point into the pushed history.

       In this example, the ko shorthand points at the Git maintainer’s
       repository at kernel.org, and looks like this:

           (in .git/config)
           [remote "ko"]
                   url = kernel.org:/pub/scm/git/git.git
                   fetch = refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/ko/*
                   push = refs/heads/master
                   push = refs/heads/next
                   push = +refs/heads/seen
                   push = refs/heads/maint

REPOSITORY ADMINISTRATION         top

       A repository administrator uses the following tools to set up and
       maintain access to the repository by developers.

       •   git-daemon(1) to allow anonymous download from repository.

       •   git-shell(1) can be used as a restricted login shell for
           shared central repository users.

       •   git-http-backend(1) provides a server side implementation of
           Git-over-HTTP ("Smart http") allowing both fetch and push
           services.

       •   gitweb(1) provides a web front-end to Git repositories, which
           can be set-up using the git-instaweb(1) script.

       update hook howto[1] has a good example of managing a shared
       central repository.

       In addition there are a number of other widely deployed hosting,
       browsing and reviewing solutions such as:

       •   gitolite, gerrit code review, cgit and others.

   Examples
       We assume the following in /etc/services

               $ grep 9418 /etc/services
               git             9418/tcp                # Git Version Control System

       Run git-daemon to serve /pub/scm from inetd.

               $ grep git /etc/inetd.conf
               git     stream  tcp     nowait  nobody \
                 /usr/bin/git-daemon git-daemon --inetd --export-all /pub/scm

           The actual configuration line should be on one line.

       Run git-daemon to serve /pub/scm from xinetd.

               $ cat /etc/xinetd.d/git-daemon
               # default: off
               # description: The Git server offers access to Git repositories
               service git
               {
                       disable = no
                       type            = UNLISTED
                       port            = 9418
                       socket_type     = stream
                       wait            = no
                       user            = nobody
                       server          = /usr/bin/git-daemon
                       server_args     = --inetd --export-all --base-path=/pub/scm
                       log_on_failure  += USERID
               }

           Check your xinetd(8) documentation and setup, this is from a
           Fedora system. Others might be different.

       Give push/pull only access to developers using git-over-ssh.
           e.g. those using: $ git push/pull
           ssh://host.xz/pub/scm/project

               $ grep git /etc/passwd (1)
               alice:x:1000:1000::/home/alice:/usr/bin/git-shell
               bob:x:1001:1001::/home/bob:/usr/bin/git-shell
               cindy:x:1002:1002::/home/cindy:/usr/bin/git-shell
               david:x:1003:1003::/home/david:/usr/bin/git-shell
               $ grep git /etc/shells (2)
               /usr/bin/git-shell

            1. log-in shell is set to /usr/bin/git-shell, which does
               not allow anything but git push and git pull. The
               users require ssh access to the machine.
            2. in many distributions /etc/shells needs to list what
               is used as the login shell.

       CVS-style shared repository.

               $ grep git /etc/group (1)
               git:x:9418:alice,bob,cindy,david
               $ cd /home/devo.git
               $ ls -l (2)
                 lrwxrwxrwx   1 david git    17 Dec  4 22:40 HEAD -> refs/heads/master
                 drwxrwsr-x   2 david git  4096 Dec  4 22:40 branches
                 -rw-rw-r--   1 david git    84 Dec  4 22:40 config
                 -rw-rw-r--   1 david git    58 Dec  4 22:40 description
                 drwxrwsr-x   2 david git  4096 Dec  4 22:40 hooks
                 -rw-rw-r--   1 david git 37504 Dec  4 22:40 index
                 drwxrwsr-x   2 david git  4096 Dec  4 22:40 info
                 drwxrwsr-x   4 david git  4096 Dec  4 22:40 objects
                 drwxrwsr-x   4 david git  4096 Nov  7 14:58 refs
                 drwxrwsr-x   2 david git  4096 Dec  4 22:40 remotes
               $ ls -l hooks/update (3)
                 -r-xr-xr-x   1 david git  3536 Dec  4 22:40 update
               $ cat info/allowed-users (4)
               refs/heads/master       alice\|cindy
               refs/heads/doc-update   bob
               refs/tags/v[0-9]*       david

            1. place the developers into the same git group.
            2. and make the shared repository writable by the group.
            3. use update-hook example by Carl from
               Documentation/howto/ for branch policy control.
            4. alice and cindy can push into master, only bob can
               push into doc-update. david is the release manager and
               is the only person who can create and push version
               tags.

GIT         top

       Part of the git(1) suite

NOTES         top

        1. update hook howto
           file:///home/mtk/share/doc/git-doc/howto/update-hook-example.html

COLOPHON         top

       This page is part of the git (Git distributed version control
       system) project.  Information about the project can be found at
       ⟨http://git-scm.com/⟩.  If you have a bug report for this manual
       page, see ⟨http://git-scm.com/community⟩.  This page was obtained
       from the project's upstream Git repository
       ⟨https://github.com/git/git.git⟩ on 2024-06-14.  (At that time,
       the date of the most recent commit that was found in the
       repository was 2024-06-12.)  If you discover any rendering
       problems in this HTML version of the page, or you believe there
       is a better or more up-to-date source for the page, or you have
       corrections or improvements to the information in this COLOPHON
       (which is not part of the original manual page), send a mail to
       [email protected]

Git 2.45.2.492.gd63586         2024-06-12                 GITEVERYDAY(7)

Pages that refer to this page: git(1)gitcore-tutorial(7)gitcvs-migration(7)gitglossary(7)gittutorial-2(7)gittutorial(7)